Condition: Acute poliomyelitis is a virus that can invade the central nervous system and cause paralysis. Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a progressive disorder of the nerves and muscles that can occur in survivors of paralytic polio usually after 15 or more years.
Background: Two percent of patients with acute polio develop paralysis, and about 40 percent of polio survivors develop PPS.
Risk Factors: Patients at risk for PPS are those who had a severe case of acute paralytic poliomyelitis, were older when they contracted the virus, and have a permanent impairment with some degree of disability. Weight gain, age, an increase or decrease in activity level, trauma, surgery, and joint pain also are associated with increased risk.
History and Symptoms: Symptoms of acute paralytic polio include fever and sudden onset of paralysis. PPS symptoms, which can develop suddenly or progress slowly years after the acute infection typically include new weakness, fatigue, and muscle and/or joint pain. In some cases, patients experience difficulty swallowing or breathing.
Physical Exam: In addition to confirming previous polio infection, patients undergo a physical exam to identify muscle strength, musculoskeletal problems associated with weakness, muscle imbalances or overuse (such as spine and joint deformities, tendinitis or arthritis) and to rule out other neurological conditions.
Diagnostic Process: To diagnose PPS, healthcare providers evaluate a patient’s symptoms and mobility. X-rays or musculoskeletal ultrasound can assess bone and joint pain and deformities; MRI or CT scans may rule out other neurological conditions; swallowing studies and pulmonary function tests evaluate swallowing and breathing difficulties.
Rehab Management: Weight control and avoiding overuse of weak muscles may prevent or delay the onset of PPS. A physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) physician evaluating problems related to post-polio syndrome may recommend pacing activity, such as scheduling regular rest periods during the day or modifying activity level. Body mechanics are optimized though exercise for targeted muscle stretching and strengthening and through prescription of orthotics and assistive devices. Anti-inflammatory medications, muscle relaxants and physical therapy may help reduce pain.
Other Resources for Patients and Families: Online resources and education materials are available from Post-Polio Health International. Local post-polio support groups also can provide information and psychological support.